HEADLINES
EDHEC study defends hedge funds in the subprime lending crisis and highlights regulation risk

Noël Amenc, EDHEC Position Paper, 08/2007

In response to criticism of hedge funds, notably from the French president, Nicolas Sarkozy, EDHEC has published a new position paper by Noël Amenc, Professor of Finance and Director of the EDHEC Risk and Asset Management Research Centre, entitled Three Early Lessons from the Subprime Lending Crisis: a French Answer to President Sarkozy.

Despite what regulators and political leaders, notably President Sarkozy and Chancellor Merkel, have said, hedge funds are clearly not to blame for the subprime crisis and the contagion that has spread to all segments of the credit market. The crisis is ultimately more a crisis of confidence in financial information and the market's capacity to evaluate the solvency of credit institutions. It was not the losses on the subprime or credit markets that forced the central banks to intervene, but an interbank liquidity crisis that had nothing to do with hedge funds. By placing the blame on the wrong parties, European leaders and regulators may very well fail to take on board the true dimension of the subprime crisis, which is above all a regulatory crisis.

Regulations on the use of credit derivatives by investment funds were introduced in France in 2003, well before the crisis occurred. In the end, highly regulated funds (UCITS III or equivalent), and notably funds that were supposed to be extremely liquid (dynamic treasury funds or "Euro money market" funds that were never supposed to lose capital) were the most severely affected by the liquidity crisis in the credit markets. Loosely regulated treasury funds ('ARIA' funds of funds in France) including hedge funds turned out to be better diversified and less risky. More generally, EDHEC thinks that the regulations as currently conceived, based on classifications and certifications of competence (activity programmes) create a false sense of security for investors and ultimately reinforce the phenomena of 'adverse selection' and 'moral hazard', when the regulator's intervention would only be justified in order to reduce these.

Finally, upcoming regulations, notably the combination of the IFRS standards and Solvency II for insurance companies, and perhaps for pension funds subsequently, will contribute to increasing liquidity risk on the markets by imposing short-term constraints that are both pointless and inappropriate for the liabilities of institutional investors, who are natural liquidity providers over the long term, by forcing them to dissimulate the volatility of their investments in favour of instruments with extreme risks that are both very significant and difficult to measure.

[More: read the position paper].

 

PUBLICATIONS

 
   

EDHEC PUBLICATIONS

EDHEC’s comparative study of the “TVA Sociale” (social VAT) and the pro-employment VAT

A new EDHEC study shows that the “TVA Sociale” would have a moderately positive effect in the long term on employment but would increase the risk of inflation and add to the deficit.

A study by Gérard Maarek  for EDHEC—La réforme du financement de la protection sociale. Essais comparatifs entre la TVA Sociale et la TVA Emploi—shows that the gains expected after a drop of 25 million euros in social charges (on employers and employees)—in other words, 3.8% of gross domestic salaries (660 billion euros)—compensated for by a VAT increase of 3.6 percentage points, would in the long term have a positive effect on employment (+61,000 jobs) and improve the balance of payments (imports drop 0.3%; exports grow by 1.7%).

Maarek, Gérard (2007), "La réforme du financement de la protection sociale - Essais comparatifs entre la « TVA Sociale » et la « TVA Emploi »", EDHEC Economics Research Centre, EDHEC Position Paper, July. [more...]

EDHEC Position Paper, July 2007

Critical analysis of the various methodologies involved in hedge fund replication offers

The EDHEC Risk and Asset Management Research Centre provides a critical analysis of the various methodologies involved in the replication offers, examines the respective benefits and limits of the “factor-based“ and “payoff-distribution“ hedge fund replication approaches, presents independent tests of each technique’s ability to consistently deliver hedge-fund-like returns, and suggests new directions to improve hedge fund trackers.

Noël Amenc, Walter Géhin, Lionel Martellini and Jean-Christophe Meyfredi (2007), "The Myths and Limits of Passive Hedge Fund Replication", EDHEC Risk and Asset Management Research Centre, EDHEC Position Paper, June

EDHEC Position Paper, Juin 2007


EDHEC response to the QIS 3 study conducted by CEIOPS

The EDHEC Risk and Asset Management Research Centre and the Accounting and Financial Analysis Research Centre have presented their response to the QIS 3 (Quantitative Impact Study 3) conducted by CEIOPS (Committee of European Insurance and Occupational Pension Supervisors). The overall risk of investing in hedge funds must be considered to be much lower than that of investing in equities. EDHEC thus totally disagrees with the harsh penalisation of hedge funds as proposed by CEIOPS. EDHEC recommends correcting this by significantly lowering the stress scenario for hedge funds and at the same time significantly increasing the assumed diversification benefits from such investments. Due to the presence of default risk, EDHEC also recommends raising the penalty for concentration risk in hedge fund investments: an exposure to only one or two hedge funds makes it possible to lose the full amount invested, so companies that make large bets in single hedge funds should be penalised.

Sender, S. , P. Foulquier (2007), “QIS3: meaningful progress towards the implementation of Solvency II, but ground remains to be covered”, EDHEC Risk and Asset Management Research Centre and EDHEC Accounting and Financial Analysis Research Centre, EDHEC Position Paper, June 2007 [more]

 

EDHEC Position Paper, Juin 2007

ACADEMIC PUBLICATIONS

 

Cost Management

Bruce Neumann and Eric Cauvin (2007), "French Cost Accounting methods: ABC and other Structural similarities", Cost Management, Vol. 21, Number 3, May/June.


Cost Management, May/June 2007

The Journal of Fixed Income

Lionel Martellini and Jean-Christophe Meyfredi (2007), "A Copula Approach to Value-at-Risk Estimation for Fixed-Income Portfolios", The Journal of Fixed Income, Summer.
[Summary: www.iijournals.com]


Journal of Fixed Income, Summer 2007

Journal of Banking and Finance

Miffre, J., Georgios Rallis (2007), "Momentum strategies in commodity futures markets, Journal of Banking and Finance 31, 6, 1863-1886
[Summary: www.sciencedirect.com]

 

Journal of Banking & Finance, Juin 2007

The Journal of Portfolio Management

Lionel Martellini and Volker Ziemann (2007), "Extending Black-Litterman Analysis Beyond the Mean-Variance Framework", Summer
[Summary: www.iijournals.com]

 

Journal of Portfolio Management, Summer 2007

Review of Finance

Michael Rudy De Winne and Catherine D'Hondt (2007), "Hide-and-Seek in the Market: Placing and Detecting Hidden Orders", Review of Finance, Advance Access published on June 4, 2007
[Summary: http://rof.oxfordjournals.org]

 

Review of Finance, Juin 2007

Journal of Asset Management

Joëlle Miffre (2007), "Country specific ETFs: an efficient approach to global asset allocation", Journal of Asset Management 8, 2, p.p. 112-122
[Summary: www.palgrave-journals.com]

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Journal of Asset Management, 2007

EVENTS

 

European Financial Management 2008 symposium - Call for papers
"Risk and Asset Management".
17-19 April, 2008 - Nice, France

A call for papers has been issued for this symposium co-organised by the EDHEC Risk & Asset Management Research Centre.
The symposium will focus on all aspects of risk and asset management. Topics suitable for the symposium include, but are not limited to, the following: asset allocation, risk and performance measurement, alternative
investments, risk management, and portfolio optimization.

[More...]




Alternative Betas & Hedge Fund Replication Seminar

16 October, 2007 - Grand Hyatt, New York

Empirical research shows that exposure to fundamental sources of risk
rather than sheer talent is the main force driving hedge fund returns.
Under the impetus of institutionalization, heroic tales of alpha generation
have given way to scientific assessment of the beta characteristics of
hedge funds, and “passive” forms of alternative investment have started to emerge. To adapt to this new paradigm, fund managers, investors and advisors need to identify, measure and optimize the beta benefits of hedge funds and to evaluate the merits and limits of indices and replication offers.

Professor Lionel Martellini will present a novel approach to hedge fund investing and detail the associated techniques for identifying, measuring, and optimizing the beta benefits of hedge funds. Since these methods are compatible with the core-satellite model and can be implemented within an Asset-Liability Management framework, the seminar will prove particularly relevant for managers and advisers catering to the needs of institutional investors.

[More...]


EDHEC Research Day 2007

Research for business—and for the economy.
EDHEC Research Day in Paris, 7 june 2007

The first edition of EDHEC Research Day took place on June 7, 2007, on EDHEC’s Paris campus at the pole universitaire Léonard de Vinci. With more than three hundred registered participants, this event looks set to be an indispensable annual get-together.

During the plenary session, Noël Amenc, director of research at EDHEC, remarked that all the talk about the importance of ties between research and business had not always been followed by action. EDHEC, for example, was the only European business school to participate in the public consultation for the implementation of the Solvency II and MiFID directives, even though these two reforms will have a great impact on the future of insurance and on the European financial markets. According to Noël Amenc, “for there to be real ties between schools and society and for these ties to amount to something more than mere patronage or a prestigious advisory board, the criteria for the evaluation of research must change.”

Gilles Glicenstein, president of BNP Paribas Asset Management, Sylvain Breuzard, head of Norsys, Alain Dubois, chairman of the board of LYXOR Asset Management, and Nathalie Boullefort-Fulconis, head of sales, marketing, and customer service at AXA Investment Managers, were present to speak about the collaboration of their companies with EDHEC in the context of shared research projects. They emphasised the need to work with researchers who understood the real issues facing companies.

During his presentation, Alain Dubois mentioned that EDHEC Risk’s strategy was altogether innovative because, as he said, “living off of private revenues and sponsors, the research centre nonetheless takes on public interest missions, which make it a real public service.”

Among the many themes discussed by EDHEC specialists during the thematic workshops were cultural approaches to consumption and marketing strategies; corporate governance and managerial legitimacy; evaluation of public policy and government reform; legal performance and corporate competitiveness; international accounting standards and new approaches to valuation; asset management and risk management.

[More: website with the full program of events and presentations of EDHEC Research Day 2007 - in French]

EDHEC Research Day, Paris, 07/2007


EDHEC present at the first parliamentary discussions of the VAT

20 September 2007 - Maison de la chimie, Paris

The first parliamentary discussions on VAT took place at the Maison de la Chimie in Paris on Thursday, September 20, 2007. The theme was the relevance of the Value-Added Tax as a tool for economic policy. These discussions were organised and presided over by Charles de Courson, member of parliament from the Marne and secretary of the parliamentary committee on finance, economy, and planning. They were under the auspices of Christine Lagarde, minister of the economy, with the presence of Eric Besson, prime ministerial secretary for the evaluation of public policy. EDHEC was represented by Gérard Maarek, participating in round table II on the subject of the VAT’s potential as a means to stimulate the economy. Gérard Maarek has also just presented a comparative study of the “TVA Sociale” (social VAT) and the pro-employment VAT
[More: Programme - in french]

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RESEARCH CENTRES

 


Each EDHEC Research Highlights issue will introduce the EDHEC Research Centres. In this second issue, we are introducing Gaël Bonnin, head of the EDHEC Marketing Research Centre.

 

Interview with Gaël Bonnin

RH : What makes InteraCT’s approach so unusual?

GB : Our research centre’s approach is unusual insofar as it has transcended the “paradigm of influence” that has dominated marketing for some fifty years—more or less since the emergence of the Kotler model—and moved to an approach that studies the ties between business and consumers through a “paradigm of interaction.”
This choice leads to three major changes:

1. The aim of marketing is no longer to satisfy needs but to allow consumers to create value, taking into account the fact that consumers are involved at least in part of the value production process.

2. Knowledge of the customer-base can no longer be founded solely on verbal manifestations (questionnaires and interviews), not always reliable, but must focus instead on consumer habits.

3. The reading of consumers and of the decision-making process can no longer rely only on individual and psychological readings, but must integrate cultural frameworks to consumer and company actions.

For the InteraCT team, these changes are necessary, because with the current context in Western markets (basic needs met, influence of innovation in growth, education and resistance of consumers when it comes to techniques of persuasion, emergence of new technologies), techniques of influence are no longer able to create competitive advantages and sustain growth. Besides, the most successful companies in their markets are those that have shifted from marketing that attempts to influence to marketing based on interaction (Nike, Coca-Cola, Danone, Findus, Leclerc).


RH : Could you introduce your team and the research done by its members?

GB : In 2007/2008 there will be four of us: Guergana Guintcheva, Sylvie Jean, Lisa Peñaloza, and I.

Guergana Guintcheva’s work focuses on the concept of value and it redefines the conventional boundaries of competitive territories in the leisure industry and it takes into account the notion of anti-value, a reality of the cognitive universe of consumers that companies have largely ignored.

Sylvie Jean’s work deals with brands. This year, a study was to done to measure the real impact of latent or explicit resistance to marketing. The results are clear: even with people who are not resistant or not very resistant to marketing, the use of anti-marketing parodies by leading brands leads to a drop of around 10% in negative attitudes toward that brand. This result validates the rhetoric of resistance to marketing (cretin.fr, Leclerc). It also illustrates the reality of the rejection of marketing, a phenomenon that is more imperceptible the more latent it is.

Lisa Peñaloza’s work is on consumption-driven constructions of identity, and on the production of that identity by the consumer, who uses marketing products or discourse to that end. Lisa is also interested in the cultural construction of both marketing and consumer actions. This year Lisa will be the academic director of the research centre, and her objective will be to strengthen the team in terms of international academic publications. Her experience in this area (published four FT journal articles, two under review) will be invaluable.

My own work has do with consumer-driven value creation and with the interaction between design and the consumer. My earlier work has studied the physical strategies used by consumers to create this value, whether in the case of a physical point of sale or of an online service company.


RH :What are the major themes of InteraCT’s research programme ?

GB
: What we’ve opened up by departing from conventional marketing logic is a broad field and it raises lots of questions. What exactly is this notion of interaction? What are the consequences for companies? For the consumer, what are the components of value? How are consumption practices structured? I could go on. For the next three years, we have chosen the value of consumption (that is, the value produced by the consumer from an offer) as an angle of attack, and the programme revolves around two hubs, the first more fundamental, the second more applied, and each of our projects should feed both.

1. Consumer-marketing-value interaction

This part of the research programme is the prelude to the construction of tools for companies. The objective is to shed light on the still little studied process of interaction. The questions that interest us are: For the consumer, what is value? What is it made up of? How is it created? What are the respective contributions of the consumer, the cultural context, and the company in this creation? What strategies do consumers use? How do they appropriate value?

2. Steering tools and value

The second part of the programme reexamines marketing in the light of the paradigm of interaction. Are conventional tools appropriate? Which ones should be changed? In what ways? What new tools should be created? Of particular importance to us here are strategic decision-making in marketing (competition analysis, positioning, segmentation), brands, and design.

Next year four main projects will help us answer these questions. The first is a group project whose aim is to understand the process of value creation in the mobile phone business. This sector is particularly interesting, as companies are interested in the potential of this new medium and in innovation for the future. We also have three individual projects: the first is on the strategies used by consumers on the Internet (eBay), the second on the relationship between young people and brands (focusing on the ambivalent nature of this relationship), and the third on potential means of differentiation in high-volume retailing (focusing on the role of knowledge of the cultural context in the choice of an axis of differentiation).

[More: EDHEC Marketing Research Centre - InteraCT]

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Gaël Bonnin, PhD.
Gaël Bonnin, Ph.D.,
Director of the EDHEC Marketing Research Centre, InteraCT.

MORE


In the media...

In July 2007, EDHEC was mentioned twice in the Financial Times, about the Alpha League Table ranking established with EuroPerformance and about the recent study published by EDHEC on Hedge Fund Replication. EDHEC was also cited in the July 5th issue of The Economist with mentions of Philippe Foulquiers's work on Solvency II. Last but not least, EDHEC was also cited in a report from the US Senate with remarks regarding Hilary Till's research about the Amaranth case.

Other EDHEC citations are available in the EDHEC Press Review.

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Prizes, awards, and appointments...

EDHEC and the department of accounting, law, and finance are pleased to announce the arrival of Pierre Mella-Barral, René Garcia, Florencio López-de-Silanes, and Dominic O’Kane, four internationally renowned professors who will teach finance and do research at the school.


 

Pierre Mella-Barral has a doctorate in economics from Cambridge and is also a graduate of the École Nationale Supérieure d'Arts et Métiers. Pierre Mella-Barral taught finance at the London School of Economics and at the London Business School before moving to HEC Paris in 2004. His research deals with corporate finance and asset pricing.
[more: Pierre Mella-Barral's CV - PDF]

Pierre Mella-Barral, Ph.D

René Garcia has a doctorate in economics from Princeton University. Until now he has worked as a professor of econometrics and finance at the Université de Montréal, where he was the academic director of the interuniversity centre for research, liaison, and transfer of knowledge on the analysis of organisations (CIRANO). He was also involved in the creation of the Journal of Financial Econometrics, published by Oxford University Press, and is currently its editor-in-chief. His research interests revolve around the pricing of financial assets, portfolio management, and risk management. In econometrics, he is interested in nonlinear models, in particular regime-switching models.
[more: René Garcia's CV - PDF]


René Garcia, Ph.D

Dominic O’Kane has a doctorate in theoretical physics from the University of Oxford. He was previously an executive director at Lehman Brothers in London, where he headed the fixed-income quantitative research team. He has also taught in the finance master’s programme at the University of Oxford.


Dominic O'Kane, Ph.D

Florencio López-de-Silanes has a master’s degree and a doctorate in economics from Harvard University, where he taught finance and economics. He has also taught at Yale and the University of Amsterdam. His research work revolves around corporate finance, international capital markets, and the privatisation of government-owned companies. He is also a well known expert in the field of corporate governance. Florencio López-de-Silanes will be in charge of EDHEC Risk and Asset Management Research Centre’s programme “Fund Governance and Performance.”
[more: Florencio Lopez de Silanes's CV - PDF]


Florencio López-de-Salines, Ph.D


The department of Research and Development at EDHEC is pleased to add several new members to its team. Stéphane Grégoir, professor of economics at EDHEC, has been appointed head of the EDHEC Economics Research Centre. Lisa Peñaloza, professor of marketing at EDHEC, has been named academic director of the research centre in marketing. Finally, EDHEC Risk and Asset Management Research Centre has brought on board Michel Verlaine as research project director and Devraj Basu as senior research engineer.


 

Stéphane Grégoir has diplomas from the École Polytechnique, the École Nationale de la Statistique et de l’Administration Économique (ENSAE), and the Université de Paris IX, Dauphine. In addition to teaching and researching, he has worked as an analyst at the INSEE (the French national institute for statistics and economic studies) and is the former head of CREST (a think-tank on economics and statistics). He has taught at the École Polytechnique, the ENSAE, the École Centrale, Paris Dauphine, and the Université d’Evry. His work deals mainly with macroeconomics and econometrics. He is a former winner of the Tjalling C. Koopmans prize, a prize awarded every three years for contributions to econometric theory, and he has been editor, co-editor, or member of the editorial board of several French and international journals.
[more: Stéphane Grégoir's CV - PDF]


Stéphane Grégoir, Ph.D
Lisa Peñaloza has a doctorate in administration from the University of California at Irvine. Lisa researches consumption-driven constructions of identity as well as the cultural constructions of both marketers and consumers. She is also the author of numerous articles in major international journals.


Lisa Peñaloza, Ph.D

Michel Verlaine, holder of a master’s degree and a doctorate in economics and management, is an expert in the fields of risk management and portfolio management. He has worked as a consultant for Ernst and Young as well as for the ministry of the economy in Luxembourg.
[more: Michel Verlaine's CV - PDF]


Michel Verlaine, Ph.D

Devraj Basu has a doctorate in mathematics from Indiana University in Bloomington, Indiana, USA. Before coming to EDHEC, Devraj was lecturer in finance at Cass Business School, City University, London, as well as at Warwick Business School in Coventry. His research interests include asset pricing, asset allocation, and all aspects of continuous time finance.
[more: Devraj Basu's CV - PDF]


Devraj Basu, Ph.D